Business continuity and disaster recovery planning

Business congruity and catastrophe recuperation arranging Business congruity plan and Disaster recuperation plan is action to assist association with getting ready for troublesome occasions and it is fundamental to think about the possible effect of fiasco and comprehend the hidden dangers. In this my examination, I investigate business coherence arranging and Disaster recuperation arranging and its significance on the side of activity and set up to oversee accessibility of basic procedure in case of interference. Presentation Business congruity arranging (BCP) and catastrophe recuperation arranging (DRP) is an indispensable job in the association. These plans are fundamental to the prosperity of an association and foreseen to ensure security even with sudden or troublesome circumstance. Making arrangements for these conditions isn't in every case straightforwardly ahead neither distinguishes suitable aim of data, items, and administrations. These errands are likewise testing and work of the arrangement itself. These plans has arrangement of data and direction to distinguish the appropriate apparatuses and utilized in the perfect time. Association has made this arrangement itself and important to think about the potential effects of catastrophe and perceive the key dangers and manufacture BCP and DRP. Following these exercises the arrangement itself must be developed no little assignment. This itself should then be kept up, tried and evaluated to guarantee that it stays fitting to the requirements of the association. These plans are determined to consider every one of these issues and discover the product to help with BIA and hazard investigation alongside connect the apparatuses to assist with making, keep up, and review the arrangement itself. (BCP, 2004) BCP and DRP are noteworthy to the reasonable and proceed with activity of all kind of business. BCP includes building up a response procedure for association react to fiasco. Debacle happens through force disappointment, mishap, regular, IT framework Clash, insider assaults, hacking, psychological warfare and so on. (Barney, 2010) BCP check how association will take to keep up its activities in crisis and recognize possible fiascos or crises, confirm how expect to limit the danger of calamity happen, making plan response, test BCP consistently. These techniques expect increment significance as association become progressively dependent on innovation to work together. As organizations place more accentuation on IT and interchanges administrations to help their client correspondences and exchanges, or to help oversee gracefully chains. They become less open minded of data and administration misfortune as a result of catastrophes. (4service, 2010) This examination work manage business progression plan will keep business ready for action through interference of any sort of fiasco and backing of activities and set up to oversee accessibility of basic procedure. 1.1 Identify and basically investigate business congruity and its significance in business condition, recognize business progression (BC) and fiasco recuperation (DR) arranging. Business Continuity Business coherence arranging recognizes the introduction of association inner and outside dangers and makes data advantages for give helpful anticipation and recuperation to the association and keep up affordable advantage and estimation of framework uprightness and perform strategies, methodology, procedures, and plans to affirm the proceed with work in the association. Business progression plan take to forestall interruption of fundamental administrations and reestablish work as quickly and easily. Business coherence arranging builds up the business capacity to react to such interruption and resume activities so as to meet business critical need. BCP Importance in business condition Business coherence is a procedure develop to counter framework disappointment. On the off chance that IT framework falls flat, its significant effect all in all business therefore association should check out beginning business progression plan for IT frameworks. A business congruity plan for your IT frameworks ought to incorporate courses of action for giving: Offices and administrations to empower the business to keep on working; The basic IT applications and framework important to help the recuperation of business forms. (Varney, 2010) It is significant the BCP plan is clear and brief to confirm to each client read it and construct accessible to all staff answerable for any piece of it and it is beginning of continuous duty and furthermore update the business progression plan. (Varney, 2010) Recognize BCP and DRP Business Continuity Planning Catastrophe Recovery Planning Business Continuity is Proactive; Catastrophe Recovery is Reactive; BCP center is to maintain a strategic distance from or relieve the effect of the hazard; DRP center is to get the part and restore the association to business following danger happens; BCP has as its degree the whole association with basic objective being recuperation of strategic/center business capacities to ensure the perseverance of the association; DRP is regularly constrained in extension to set of arrange IT framework and foundation with objective being whole recuperation of the framework and foundation inside a time span and least information misfortune; Business capacities to recoup in BCP stretch out past IT framework; DRP may avoid non-IT specialty units; (Nickolett, 2001) BCP top off the hole between the disturbance event and recuperation going on. DRP connect with a breakdown, loss of the frameworks, individuals, and offices. The disturbance can affect any or these key business inputs. 1.2 Evaluate and clarify some business most pessimistic scenario situations for hazard appraisal, survey various kinds of hierarchical resources. Most pessimistic scenario situations for hazard evaluation There are many most pessimistic scenarios situations for hazard evaluation some are as beneath: Data information lost Disaster can harm the database and association misfortune secret information, for example, staff, client, merchant subtleties and other touchy data; Data framework disappointment There are many most pessimistic scenarios in data framework disappointment, for example, neglected, nature of undertaking arranging, utilization of the board devices, object-situated framework improvement, use programming building apparatuses and framework fundamental administrations can stop for time being and so forth. (Megaessays 2010) Data resource lost Due to the powerless safety efforts Information resources can harm from cataclysmic event and inside exercises in the association; Catastrophic event Natural calamity are unforeseen and it is difficult to completely recoup the harm brought about by the fiasco however it is conceivable to limit the expected hazard by creating BCP/DRP. (Banger, 2010) Force disappointment Sometime interruption of intensity flexibly or power disappointment can stop work, administrations disappointment, breakdown and so on. It can impact in the business. There is one genuine case of the most pessimistic scenario situations for hazard evaluation is Midmarket CIOs. This organization is on the seventh floor of a structure however one day in the following office entryway the water channel broke in the workplace kitchen and sending water stream on the floor and under the divider into offices. Albeit basic servers stayed dry, the flood destroyed gear that was on the workplace floor, including 10 flood defenders, six uninterruptible force supplies, six force blocks and one PC. While things were drying out and a length of wallboard was supplanted. CIOs executed DRP to capacity for complete distinctive occurrence since floods, fires, power disappointments and pandemic influenza can happen. CIOs make stride back and start with chance appraisal of the considerable number of dangers business faces and utilizing hazard the board apparatuses to ascertain most pessimistic scenario situations in IT and impact potential misfortune will have on the bu siness. (Midmarket, 2009) Various kinds of association resources There are following various sorts of association resources for secure in BCP and DRP are: Work area workstation, Laptops, Servers, Printers, Scanners, Firewalls, Routers, Switches, Memory gadgets and so forth; Licenses Software CDs, for example, windows, Antivirus, MS Office, programming devices and backing, other working framework and so on; Database, sites, Photo Copiers, Fax Machines, Telephone System, Multifunction machines and so on; Paper document records like resource register, paper records, information, books, government enactment, arrangements and methods, client information and touchy information and so forth; Electronic records, for example, messages, association shared drives and individual drives, DVDs, CDs, Memory sticks and so forth; Maps, drawers, seats, work areas, cupboards, and so forth; Qualified staffs, Record the executives, and so on; Machines, Plants, building, fire quenchers and so on. 1.3 Explain basically catastrophe recuperation business case, list down and assess required documentation for BCP and DRP. Calamity recuperation business case The most basic pieces of any IT plan clarify the business case and survey of the expected dangers to the association. There are eight after undertaking steps in Disaster Recovery Planning in business are: Step-1: Project presentation Set the destinations of the DRP commencement, characterize the degree, create, plan and recognize the hazard to the task; Step-2: Assess of Disaster Recovery Assess of area, building sythesis, figuring condition, physical plant security, introduced security gadgets, get to control framework, programming, individual, reinforcement, and working practices; Step-3: Business Impact Analysis for IT Analysis of all piece of specialty units to help by the IT regions ought to accept to recognize the framework and its capacities to continuation of the business and as far as possible; Step-4: Define of prerequisites All necessities must be characterized and nitty gritty; Step-5: Plan the task venture arranging will characterize the undertaking to be executed and its targets will build up the DRP; Step-6: Execute the undertaking Project must continue to practices of venture the board and recognize the techniques for alleviating the hazard will execute; Step-7: BCP blend DRP needs to consolidate back in to the associations business congruity endeavors; Step-8: continuous support and mix Ongoing upkeep and testing endeavors require keeping the pla

Leadership And Management Essay -- Business Leadership Management

In this day and age economy organizations travel every which way each and every day. It takes great solid administration and the executives to direct an association to progress. While numerous individuals believe the board and administration to be equivalent they are as a general rule two unique ideas. An individual can be a decent pioneer yet on the off chance that he doesn't have the foggiest idea how to deal with an organization that organization will be bound to come up short. Likewise if an individual had incredible administration abilities yet needs authority regardless of how great he is in the event that he can not lead his workers towards the objective, at that point it is a bombed endeavor at progress. The executives is viewed as an expected set of responsibilities though initiative is viewed as an attribute. In this paper we will separate among the board and administration. We will likewise analyze how pioneers make and keep up a sound authoritative culture. As expressed before the board and authority are two distinct ideas. Wikipedia characterizes the board as the way toward driving and coordinating all or part of an association, regularly a business, through the sending and control of assets. In the realm of business, the board can be expressed as an interest towards a general objective that is successful and productive. Likewise the executives is the capacity to incorporate works from various workforces through arranging, and sorting out. Eventually the board is a hypothesis that is incorporated by a group to make an effective association. The people in these groups are known as supervisors. It is the activity of these people to direct an organization towards the objective. To appropriately oversee it takes a lot of capacities to make the association su... ... worries with process (administration, 2005). In shutting it is down to the board to ensure that the plans and procedures are set up, and it is up to the pioneers that have the administration capacities to follow up on those plans and utilize those procedures. Works Cited The executives. (2005). Recovered Nov. 14, 2005, from Management Web website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management. Initiative. (2005). Recovered Nov. 14, 2005, from initiative Web webpage: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/administration. orgainzation culture. (2005). Recovered Nov. 14, 2005, from orgainzation culture Web website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture.

Marketing of GPS Application

Marketing of GPS Application Marketing of GPS Application Home›Marketing Posts›Marketing of GPS Application Marketing PostsIntroductionGlobal Positioning System (GPS) application is a satellite navigation method that was developed, controlled and is maintained by the Government of United States. It was developed for military operations but has however been adopted by many civilians who use this application for many purposes. GPS is used as a source of online information to improve global productivity and economy and at the same time improve safety and protection of environment. GPS works by sending radio signals from orbiting satellite to the GPS receivers on earth which collects and further convert the signals into specific positions like street sign and name of the road, time information and velocity.This positions and information are then stored in a Geographic Information System that can be accessed later by users. This information is widely used by intelligence organizations and crime detectives around the world to uncover security threats faced by different nations including accessing terrorism information. GPS therefore becomes a right arm in fighting international insecurity. This product idea of having GPS Application adopted is therefore a welcomed idea that should be embraced by all countries to share economic, environmental, safety and technologically related information to make the world a safer and better place to stay.Executive SummaryThis marketing report   focuses on GPS Application and analyses the situation on the level of application, environmental factors and analysis using Political, Environmental, social and technological (PEST) method on the   impacts of GPS application. This report also analyses the competitors of GPS in terms of their products, strengths and challenges they offer   that needs to be considered to ensure GBS remain a leader in the global  satellite navigation. Identification of the target market is key to the growth of GPS application which is then segmented into different variables like demographic, psychographic and behavioral to be able to satisfy the needs of these entire groups and to be globally accepted.This report also examines the marketing mix that needs to be employed to ensure this information is fully available to the targeted groups around the world. The pricing, placing and promotion of the product are key to the growth as well market positioning of the GPS technology in the minds of many as being the solution to their safety.   In part two of this report, threats and opportunities available for GPS applications is also examined into detail to aid the positioningSituation AnalysisGPS application is a very viable idea that has a number of advantages to the users. The benefits of this application include that it can pick signals from any location with or without internet connection only at a press of a red button for easy access for emergencies, contacts police, ambulance and firefighters after a certain amo unt of time when button pressed.  However brings limitation regarding privacy of nations and individuals since GPS clear identifies and monitors the private activities carried out by individuals. This same technology can also be used by ill minded people or organizations to track and execute their terrorist attacks and threat security (Best 5 GPS Navigation Systems).The success and full adoption of GPS technology application depends on several external environmental forces that needs to be fully incorporated. The major factors    are the political, economical, , social, technological  and environmental   that  impacts (PESTE) either positively or negatively in to the marketing and adoption of this product idea. Politically, the acceptance of GPS depends on how world political elite and the citizens on the target nations perceive the product. Many may vies the idea as a spying tool to their government operations while others as safety provision mechanism. Governments must therefo re be persuaded to see the benefits of the technology. NASA being an American organization, many world leaders are likely to see the GPS application as a way of stamping authority and many who would simply discredit the idea simply because it is American.Economically, GPS will be of great boost to efficiency and safety in the trade since it guarantees accuracy in navigation of flights, maritime and rail transportation of goods around the world since the directions of the destinations are well identified. This helps the vessels not to navigate through the insecure roots as well as increasing the number of trips covered.The social aspect of this product idea involves increased speed in the sharing of information without use of internet. The public will be fully informed of what goes on and the security brought about by the technology.Technology has transformed the world to be a global village making communication, navigation and security measures manageable across the borders. The GPS technology becomes a major boost to world security and efficiency since the orbiting satellite can help specifically locate the position which is a source of insecurity and terrorist attacks to be raided by emergency rescue forces. Protection of environment against degradation and the effects of global warming remain the focus of the metrological parameters of the GPS application that checks the world weather and climate for any unusual occurrence like the Tsunami.Competitive Environment analysisGPS operates in a very competitive environment with many navigation system providers that has aided the vessel navigation over the years. Some of these competitors include GlONASS, Automotive Navigation System, Marine Navigation System, Inertial Guidance System and the Robotic Mapping (NetMBA, Competitor Analysis) that helps pilots and captains to locate their destinations when in the sea or in the air.Direct customers are the Government, aviation companies, navigation organizations, learni ng institution and metrological departments that give weather forecasts. The beneficiary of these services is the public who travel through these vessels and the benefits of safety and trade exchange between nations. The timely reception of signals leads to efficiency in response to natural disasters, fire break outs and insecurity ranging from abductions to terrorist attacks.Company Analysis (strength and weaknesses)NASA organization has over the years been very stable in its operations. This has also trickled down to the GPS application that has strength that the service if provided for free by the U.S government to the whole world. It also commands integrity in providing timely warnings, accuracy in position locations and availability of this system to be used by the navigators in dire need of the directions. This technology has also been accepted by many world over in the search of safety of the flights, naval vessels and trains as well as safety against terrorism. Other strengt hs of this application is that it is not influenced by weather, relatively of lower cost as compared to other navigation systems and 100% coverage of the whole world.GBS however has weaknesses that include; it relies on satellite signals received by radio and at the same time works better in open places than in enclosed places like under water, in tunnels, underground or in large cities with several skyscrapers hence weaker than the cellular phone signals. It may occasionally issue inaccurate signals especially when the satellites in the viewed field are restricted. GPS is fully controlled by the U.S department of defense and this monopoly may make them deny people the usage of the satellite for reasons well known to them.  Customer AnalysisGlobal positioning system is used by people all over the world in all the navigations vessels, flight, trains and automated cars if finding the directions of their destinations. The aviation institutions, navigation bodies, metrological departmen ts, nasal organizations and learning institutions are some of the users of this technology.Market SegmentationThe market segment that is served by this application expects nothing less than safety, accuracy, integrity in the service and efficiency in the service delivery. This segmentation is based on the demographic aspects which involves safety of world population against any threats of insecurity. There is also the behavioral variable that target groups or organizations that behave in a particular suspicious manner to the world security like the terrorist groups under watch GPS.PromotionPromotion involves how customers get to know the products offered. NASA has to put in place an advertising campaign and government lobbying strategies to inform and influence countries to adopt the GPS Applications for world security reasons. This can be through the internet, World Wide Web, government releases and use of iPhone technologies to issue alerts.PositioningThis involves creating the br and to appeal to nationals and make it popular in the minds the people across all borders. Once people are made to understand that their safety is depended on the seriousness they attach to the technology, then many will have GPS application in their mind as the source of international safety. Positioning is achieved through intensive marketing and advertisements run through the mass media that include internet, World Wide Web, television and government releases.

Essay on Federal Highway Policy - 714 Words

Federal Highway Policy: Minimum Legal Drinking Age Ashley Miller American National Government Mark Ladd February 17, 2014 The Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) laws were created in the US after the Prohibition in 1933. AT this time, many states set the MLDA at 21. When the voting age was lowered to 18 in 1971, many states also lowered their drinking age to 18 or 19 (Fell, 2009). After the lowering, the amount of alcohol related accidents involving young adults age 18 to 20 had dramatically increased. Studies also showed that when the drinking age was raised, traffic crashes and alcohol related accidents were significantly lower. Consequently, Congress created the National Uniform Drinking Age 21†¦show more content†¦The pros of this policy are obvious. It has dramatically reduced the number of alcohol related accidents in young adults age 18 to 20. Some cons of this policy include that fact that young adults can vote, hold public office, serve in the military, marry, sign contracts and buy cigarettes but still are not allowed to drink. The original intention of the law was to reduce the incide nts of alcohol related accidents among people under 21. But since passage of this legislation and the raising of the drinking age in many states, the percentage of people who drink between the ages of 18 to 20 has skyrocketed. Many say the prohibitions have actually encouraged secretive binge drinking and more dangerous behavior. I believe that the drinking age should be lowered back down to 18. If a person is legally considered an adult, can vote, purchase cigarettes, and serve our country, they should be able to have a drink without legal consequences. Being 21, I can honestly say that as young adults, we are not educated on alcohol enough. I think it would be much more beneficial to educate young adults on not only the risks of drinking, but to think realistically. Young adults are going to drink regardless of their age. I believe that educating them on how to handle themselves while drinking would decrease the amount of alcohol related accidents in young adults. Another option w ould be that at the age of 18, young adults could be able to apply for aShow MoreRelatedHighway Effectiveness And Regional Economic Growth1460 Words   |  6 PagesApplied Econometrics Professor Gary Rife Yongxin Shan 12/13/2016 Highway effectiveness and regional economic growth Introduction The construction of transportation infrastructure to national economic strength and efficiency is usually mentioned as a key to promoting development. We believe that it provides a strong support for the both economics and social undertaking, so that it focuses on where people live and where businesses locate. 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While many organizations provided funds for transportation, forest, and agricultural needs; many did not provide funding opportunities for organizations to conduct public policy related research. However, thirty-four non-profit organizations and two federal website provide funding opportunities for research in the areas transp ortation, forestryRead MoreTransportation Systems And The Transportation System1360 Words   |  6 Pagestransportation system encompass numerous â€Å"interconnected modes of transportation, including aviation, freight and passenger rail, highway, public transit, and pipelines and moves billions of passengers and millions of tons of goods every annually† (Government Accountability Office, 2014). 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Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners

Learning the basic structure and usage of the past continuous is usually not that difficult for most students. Unfortunately, this is not the case when it comes to actively integrating the past continuous into everyday conversations or written communications. This lesson is aimed at helping students actively use the past continuous in speaking and writing. This is done through the use of the past continuous as a descriptive tense to paint a picture in words of the moment when something important occurred. Aim To increase active usage of the past continuous Activity Speaking activity followed by a gap fill exercise and  creative writing Level Intermediate Outline Begin teaching the past continuous by telling a story with exaggerated details through the use of the past continuous. For example: I remember that day well. The birds were singing, the sun was shining, and the children were playing games peacefully. At that moment, I saw Alex and fell in love. Point out how the past continuous is used to paint a picture of the scene.Quickly review the past continuous structure with the class. Go over differences in usage between the past simple and past continuous. Point out that the past continuous focuses on a specific moment in the past.Write various examples on the board of sentences combining the past simple and past continuous to illustrate the idea of an interrupted past. For example, I was walking through the park when I met David. Ask students to comment on what function the past continuous plays in the example sentences.Have students divide into small groups of 3-4.Ask students to complete the activity by providing an appropriate response with the past continuous to describe an action that was interrupted.Next, have students first conjugate verbs in the past simple to complete the story. Next, ask them to insert past continuous clauses into the appropriate place in the story.Correct this exercise as a class. Make sure to note differences between the past continuous and past simple as you review.Ask students to complete the written exercise focusing on a special day in their lives.Once theyve written their paragraph, ask students to find a partner. Each student should read their paragraph and ask questions to check to understand.   Interrupted Actions Use the verb suggestion to complete the sentence with an appropriate phrase expressing an interrupted action: I (watch) ____________ when her boss called with a job offer.My friends (play) _____________ when they felt the earthquake.When I walked in the door, they children (study) _________________.We (eat) _________________ when we heard the news.My parents (travel) ________________ when I telephoned that I was pregnant.   Use of the Past Continuous in Writing Put the following verbs into the past simple: Thomas _______ (live) in the small town of Brington. Thomas _______ (love) walking through the beautiful forest that surrounded Brington. One evening, he ____ (take) his umbrella and _____ (go) for a walk in the woods. He ______ (meet) an old man named Frank. Frank _______ (tell) Thomas that, if he _____ (want) to become rich, he should invest in a little-known stock called Microsoft. Thomas ______ (think) Frank _____ (be) foolish because Microsoft ____ (be) a computer stock. Everybody _____ (know) that computers _____ (be) just a passing fad. At any rate, Frank _______ (insist) that Thomas _____ (be) wrong. Frank _______ (draw) a wonderful graph of future possibilities. Thomas ______ (begin) thinking that maybe Frank ______ (understand) stocks. Thomas _______ (decide) to buy some of these stocks. The next day, he ______ (go) to the stock brokers and _____ (buy) $1,000 worth of Microsoft stock. That _____ (be) in 1986. Today, that $1,000 is worth more than $250,000! Improve the Story Insert the following past continuous fragments into the above story: As Frank was drawing the graph, ...... while he was walking to work,it was raining, so...While they were discussing the stock, ...When he was returning from his walk, ...As he was walking through the woods, Written Exercise Write a description of an important day in your life. Include the most important events that occurred during that day in the past simple. Once you have written the important events using the past simple, try to include a description of what was happening at some of the specific moments when those events occurred to provide more details.Write out a few questions about your important day.  Make sure to include a few questions in the past continuous. For example, What was I doing when I found out about the job?Find a partner and read your story twice. Next, ask your partner your questions and discuss.Listen to your partners story and answer their questions.

Compare Nothing’s Changed with one other poem in Cluster 1, in relation to the theme of injustice Free Essays

Compare Nothing’s Changed with one other poem in Cluster 1, in relation to the theme of injustice. I have decided to compare Limbo with Nothing’s Changed, about the theme of injustice. Both Tatamkhulu Afrika and Edward Kamau Braithwaite have shown in Nothing’s Changed and Limbo, that even through the unjust world that is described in the poems, there is still hope which prevails through the misery and despair. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Nothing’s Changed with one other poem in Cluster 1, in relation to the theme of injustice or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Limbo, the repetition of â€Å"Limbo, Limbo like me†, shows that even through the loneliness they are put through, there remains still a ‘pulse’, the constant beat of those two lines shows that the slaves’ dance and music, still prevails through what is slavery. The effect created is that through the bad times, there is still happiness which surpasses suffering, and this line still is repeated to the end of the poem, where we know is the end of the bad events, through the saying, â€Å"sun coming up† on line 40. This effect is a main part of the poem, as the suffering at the start of the poem, is juxtaposed with the pulse and limbo dance through the slaves lives through the poem. In Nothing’s Changed, similar repetition techniques have shown injustice in the world. As Nothing’s Changed was based on the post apartheid times in South Africa, the poet writes how although it would be illegal to discriminate, and how there no longer are signs promoting this, it still happens, and is through the antithesis of District Six, and the â€Å"new, up-market† town, mentioned in line 22. The repetition of â€Å"and† in lines 12-15 is using the poetic technique of caesura, which means through repeating the words it causes more of an effect. As the poet describes his growing anger at how society is understood in South Africa, and how the punctuation used in those lines, the commas hold a large significance to the poet’s exaggeration on those lines. Visually, each line progresses longer than the previous one, which may be a way the poet is to show his growing anger about society. The poet also juxtaposes many of the features in his home of District Six to the new, up-market towns. â€Å"Amiable weeds†, shows that the poets believe that even the weeds are friendlier than â€Å"Brash† environment of the richer areas. The use of â€Å"guard at the gatepost† and â€Å"working man’s cafi† shows juxtaposed opinions of the two different places. As having a guard suggests that the environment is more hostile and that you may be overpriced, while the working man’s cafi suggests that it’s a more honest and friendly place to eat. The repetition of â€Å"glass† four times in Nothing’s Changed has a considerable significance, as it shows how even though the apparent apartheid is over, there is still an ‘invisible’ barrier which stops the people from doing what people would be doing in Port Jackson, which could be reflected through the usage of glass. In both of these poems, there is a significant usage of onomatopoeia and harsh sounding words, which suggests that both poets, especially for Nothing’s Changed is writing in a pessimistic tone, whilst Limbo, shows optimism through the continuation of â€Å"Limbo, Limbo like me†. The harsh sounds, â€Å"Dark deck† in Limbo, line 21 and 23, use alliteration and through the sound of the words suggest hostility on board. Down, down, down† on lines 34-36 shows how they believe they are below everybody else and that they are sinking further into despair. But then in lines 44-46, this is juxtaposed with â€Å"Up, up, up† where it shows that the slaves may have another chance for a better live and to rise from the suppression. In Nothing’s Changed, throughout the poem, there are many alliterative words, such as â€Å"labouring† and â€Å"lungs†, which shows alliterative words which increase the resentment and the dislike that the poet has of the â€Å"whites only inn†. Assonance is used in the poem, in lines 20-22, â€Å"weeds†, â€Å"trees† and â€Å"cuisine†, which the tone of all these lines relate to the resentment that the poet has of Port Jackson, and how he feels that the apartheid may not have been lifted, but rather having a larger effect on their lives than before. The poet clearly shows his feelings, through relating to Port Jackson as â€Å"it†, which suggests that it’s a hostile and unfriendly place, whilst he relates to District Six as â€Å"we† which shows his strong allegiance with his past, and believes that times have not really changed even though the apartheid has been lifted. How to cite Compare Nothing’s Changed with one other poem in Cluster 1, in relation to the theme of injustice, Papers

Globalisation of Financial Reporting Standard †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Globalisation of Financial Reporting Standard. Answer: Introduction As discussed by Cascino Gassen (2015), in general, the various types of the financial regulations are the laws and rules which govern the financial institutions such as banks, brokers and investment companies. The various types of the rules are seen to be propagated by the government regulators for protecting the investors interest and promotion of financial stability for maintaining an orderly market. The regulatory activities are considered with setting the minimum standard for the capital, conduct, making regular inspections, and investigating and prosecuting misconduct. The primary purpose of the financial regulation is seen to be based on presenting the data in a comprehensive manner and make sure that the firms and investors are receiving equal opportunity for sharing their interests (Chen, Ng Tsang, 2015). The various depictions made from the study has focused on the literature review of the UK and Australia associated to the regulatory requirement. The main form of the discussion of the study has been able to state on the regulatory environment and involvement of the major decision makers. The primary discussion of the study has stated on the including the appropriate legislations. The next important consideration has been based on the advancement of Australia and the UK in the adoption of IFRS. The important learnings of the study have been able to highlight on the adoption of appropriate legislations. The next aspect has focused on the shown the importance of the selected regulatory environment in the lens of financial regulatory environment through the lens of Regulatory Capture Theory. The final part of the report has discussed on the theories which may be captured with the use of the regulatory theory in the individual countries (Cheung Lau, 2016). The perceived problems of each system As stated by Christensen et al., (2015), The primary motive of the IFRS implementation has been based on enhancing the standards of standards, comparability, accuracy and transparency of financial statements for a company within a particular period. However, the initial problems in the IFRS regulation has been identified in terms of issues such as lack of training, problem for the entities, auditors, regulators as well as the interesting parties who are familiar with previous accounting standards. Moreover, there is significant issues for adhering to the requirements considered with addition skills for application and evaluation of IFRS. The important nature of the issues has been seen to be based on the significant problems which is seen with the compliance to the political and legal environment. Some of the other aspects of the study have stated on the problems related to the maintaining uniformity. This factor has been identified as the main reason for failure of the IFRS implemen tation. The understanding of the technical knowledge is seen as one of the main challenge pertaining to IFRS adoption (Christensen et al., 2015). As discussed by Deegan (2014),in the U.K. the main challenges in the IFRS implementation has been identified with the delay on the implementation process. The different types of the other issues are based on the slow process of endorsement. It is further observed that the that European Financial Reporting Advisory Groups (EFRAG) is identified with the early issues in the adaptation of the new standards which were aired in the Europe. In responses to Philippe Maystadts enquiries about IFRS in 2013 on behalf of the Commission, depicted that Europe is identified as the standard body for modifying the international standards. This is seen to pose major problem in the future stages. Moreover, the implementation of the IFRS 2 Share-based payment has reduced down by 2.38% (Ji Lu, 2014). IFRS has been seen to discontinue the several types of the activities which were held for sale. This notion is evident with reducing the assets from the recognition of profit by 0.35%. in some of the vario us types of the other cases the IFRS on group accounts has affected the net profit on the equity of large listed companies. In various situations the disposal of the subsidiary and the goodwill was either not included in the assessment of the loss on the disposal of the calculation or the amount of goodwill is not recycled back into profit where there involves disposal of subsidiary (Hla Md Isa, Bin, 2015). Working of Regulatory Environment In Australia the AASB is considered as the agency working under the Australian Government. It is observed as the AASB standards are known as Australian Accounting Standards consisting of the Australian equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). The initial process of the implementation of IFRS has been conducted by Australian Accounting Standards, the AASB thereby making some modifications to IFRSs, including removing some options and adding some disclosures. It has been further identified that the AASB has made certain changes to the Australian Accounting Standards for ensuring the requirements are identical to the IFRSs as issued by the IASB for for-profit entities. The different types of the other disclosures are retained with the non-IFRS compliant requirements which are seen to be applied with the not-for-profit and public-sector entities. The consideration of the new differential reporting standard has been seen to be related to the by Australian Accoun ting Standards Board (AASB) in July 2010, which selected the adaptation of the Reduced Disclosure Requirements' (RDR). The requirements adhered to the requirements as per the recognitions and the measurements standards as per the Australian Accounting Standards (which are equivalent to IFRSs), but with reduced disclosure requirements (Joshi, Yapa Kraal, 2016). The net effect of the changes of the company law has been seen to be identified with implementation of EU accounting directives. This is made compulsory with the including the UK and Republic of Ireland (ROI) accounting standards for ensuring the consistency in the legal framework and financial reporting. The different types of the legal framework had been able to provide the relevant opportunity related to the considering the most suitable accounting standards to support the new micro entities regime. The several types of the changes made to the company is with an impact on the regimes made for the small companies and minor amendments drafted as per the UK and Republic of Ireland accounting standards (Meier Mitscherlich, 2015). The company law is further able to differentiate the financial reporting framework known as IFRS and UK and Ireland GAAP (generally accepted accounting practice). In addition to this, the public listed entities are needed to apply the IFRS for the preparatio n of the group accounts and entities which offered freedom to choose between the among IFRS and UK and Ireland GAAP in preparing the individual parent accounts. It needs to be further identified that UK GAAP mainly comprises of five regimes and three among which were seen to be available in the FRS 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland. It needs to be further understood that the financial relations were mainly considered with the micro entities regime, small entities regime, FRS 102 and EU adopted FRS (Kabir Rahman, 2016). Countrys progress towards the adoption of IFRS The implementation date of IFRS in Australia has been brought under effectiveness from 1 January 2005. AASB commenced on the adoption and review of ongoing relevance of the IFRS as per Australian for-profit and not-for-profit (NFP) reporting companies. In several cases, the transition process is identified with the respective modifications which is needed for the cost efficiency and quality of the reporting. The adoption of the IFRS process has been further seen to be taken into consideration with the various types of the factors which has allowed the users and preparers for switching between countries and sectors with adequate skills and knowledge. The internationally active entities are based on the adoption of the IFRSs across the different sectors which has allowed the preparers to comply with the new standards especially with the requirements as per the disclosure (Morris et al., 2014). The initiation of the accounting standard in the U.K. was developed by Accounting Standards Board (ASB) from 1 August 1990. It needs to be understood that on 2 July 2012, the FRC Board assumed responsibility for setting accounting standards. Most of the accounting standards were introduced by the ASB known as the Financial Reporting Standards (FRSs). The most implemented standard is seen to be considered with the FRSSE (Financial Reporting Standard for Smaller Entities). FRC introduced new standards on November 2012, which is seen as a part of the new UK GAAP framework. This framework is considered with the FRS 100: Application of Financial Reporting Requirements and FRS 101: Reduced disclosure framework. The FRC was seen to be introduced for setting out the relevant requirements for the reporting in lieu of FRS 100, 101, 102 and 103 (known as new UK GAAP), which were effective from 1 January 2015. In addition to this, FRSs replaced the existing financial reporting standards facilita ted by the FRC for reporting periods starting on or after 1 January 2015. The FRC has been further seen to introduce two new standards associated to FRS 104: Interim financial reporting (issued in March 2015) and FRS 105: The Financial Reporting Standard applicable to the micro-entities regime (Ramanna Sletten, 2014). Regulatory Capture Theory and its usefulness The concept of regulatory theory relates to the failure of Government which takes place when the regulatory agency creates to act in the interest of the public and works alongside the special interest groups. This theory works in favour of these special interest groups which dominates an industry or sector when the regulatory charges are implied. The implementation of the regulatory capture is applied as per the interests of firms or political groups are prioritized over the interests of the public, leading to a net loss for society. The government agencies suffering from the regulatory capture are known as captured agencies. The application of this theory is able to identify the such agencies in which the interests of the political groups and firms are prioritized over the interests of the public. The various forms of the public interests are controlled by the industries as per the captured agencies. The theory of regulatory capture is considered with the situation where gamekeeper turns poacher. The interest agencies are seen to set out to protect the ignored who are in favour of the regulatory interest. The regulatory capture theory is identified with the augmented focus on the branch of public choice which is considered with the economics of regulation with a speciality of the conceptualization of the government regulatory intervention (Ramanna Sletten, 2014). Characteristics indicating regulatory environment might be captured The important discourse from the regulatory environment has depicted the regulatory capture theory with several variations in different countries. In some of the cases, IFRS in Australia is important in implementing the cost savings policy during preparing the financial reports. The organizations have been further seen to be benefited from the various type of the other factors such as revision of the standards and exposure drafts. In Australia the small businesses are identified to be main victims of the regulatory capture theory. There is a preference given to the large public industries which are regionally situated in the main areas of Australia. The various types of the regional special interest groups are seen to be situated in the New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. In addition to this, the small business sectors have made significant indirect contribution which are often not included in the data published in the small businesses shares of national employment and o utput aggregates (Kabir Rahman, 2016). In the U.K. the introduction of Competition Act (1998) and Enterprise Act (2002) is recognized to provide the UK regulators more to act against the abuses of the monopoly power. Some of the most noted examples include, the FSA and the Bank of England who have been identified as the major sufferers in the banking sector. It has been further accepted by Governor of the Bank of England, Sir Mervin King that the intricacy and the importance of the regulations has made it difficult for the regulators to operate. The second example has been able to highlight on the alleged capture of the tax authorities (HMRC) by the UKs mobile phone giant, Vodafone, who apparently negotiated a 6b tax reduction, reducing their tax bill for 2009-10 from 7b to 1b. The five-year period after the Enterprise Act (2002) was brought into power with not a single major factor cartel as investigated by OFT. This is due to the fact that the heavy fines and convert collusion is difficult to prove. The new powers have provided the regulators to undertake the covert surveillance of the firms for establishing regulations for collusions which may take place. The tacit collusion is impossible for proving the different type of the statistical techniques used with the correlation among the proc movement in theory and practice. In some of the different types of the other instances the application of the regulatory theory leads to cheating or finding loopholes, such as getting round the regulations by moving into an adjacent market. Some of the major criticism in the single market has been defined inadequately (Sugiyama Islam, 2016). Conclusion The findings on the capture theory in Australia has been identified with in Australia seen to be important with implementing the cost savings policy during preparing the financial reports. The organizations have been further seen to be benefited from the various type of the other factors such as revision of the standards and exposure drafts. In terms of the depictions made in the regulatory capture theory, in Australia the small businesses are identified to be main victims of the regulatory capture theory. The different types of the regional special interest groups have been traced in the areas such as New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. In addition to this, the small business sectors have made significant indirect contribution which are often not included in the data published in the small businesses shares of national employment and output aggregates. The significant depictions made in the capture theory assertions in the UK has been considered with the Competition Act (1998) and Enterprise Act (2002) which are recognized to provide the UK regulators more to act against the abuses of the monopoly power. In addition to this, the significant evaluation of the regulatory capture theory in the U.K. The identified victims are seen to be going out of control in the way banks wayward behaviour has played a large part in the recent financial crisis. In addition to this, several types of the other findings have revealed that the alleged capture of the tax authorities (HMRC) by the UKs mobile phone giant, Vodafone, who apparently negotiated a 6b tax reduction decreased their tax bill for 2009-10 from 7b to 1b. Additionally, the five-year period after the Enterprise Act (2002) was brought into power with not a single major factor cartel as investigated by OFT. This is due to the fact that the heavy fines and convert collusion is difficult to prove. Some of the other depictions show Enterprise Act (2002) was brought into power with not a single major factor cartel as investigated by OFT. This is due to the fact that the heavy fines and convert collusion is difficult to prove. References Cascino, S., Gassen, J. (2015). What drives the comparability effect of mandatory IFRS adoption? Review of Accounting Studies, 20(1), 242282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-014-9296-5 Chen, L., Ng, J., Tsang, A. (2015). The effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on international cross-listings. The Accounting Review, 90(4), 13951435. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50982 Cheung, E., Lau, J. (2016). Readability of Notes to the Financial Statements and the Adoption of IFRS. Australian Accounting Review, 26(2), 162176. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12087 Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M., Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or Standards: What Determines Accounting Quality Changes around IFRS Adoption? European Accounting Review, 24(1), 3161. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2015.1009144 Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M., Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or Standards: What Determines Accounting Quality Changes around IFRS Adoption? European Accounting Deegan, C., 2014.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Hla, D. T., Md Isa, A. H. Bin. (2015). Globalisation of financial reporting standard of listed companies in asean two: Malaysia and singapore. International Journal of Business and Society, 16(1), 95106. Ji, X.-D., Lu, W. (2014). The value relevance and reliability of intangible assets?: Evidence from Australia before and after adopting IFRS. Asian Review of Accounting, 22(3), 182216. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-10-2013-0064 Joshi, M., Yapa, P. W. S., Kraal, D. (2016). IFRS adoption in ASEAN countries: Perceptions of professional accountants from Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-04-2014-0040 Kabir, H., Rahman, A. (2016). The role of corporate governance in accounting discretion under IFRS: Goodwill impairment in Australia. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 12(3), 290308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2016.10.001 Meier, S., Mitscherlich, A. (2015). IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. PiR, 3(July), 6368. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118870372.ch24 Morris, R. D., Gray, S. J., Pickering, J., Aisbitt, S. (2014). Preparers perceptions of the costs and benefits of IFRS: Evidence from Australias implementation experience. Accounting Horizons, 28(1), 143173. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-50609 Ramanna, K., Sletten, E. (2014). Network effects in countries adoption of IFRS. Accounting Review, 89(4), 15171543. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50717 Sugiyama, S., Islam, J. (2016). Empirical findings from the reconciliations in the first IFRS compliant reports prepared by Japanese-owned subsidiaries in Australia. Advances in Accounting, 35, 143158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2016.06.003

Plato`s Apology Essays - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Plato`s Apology After reading Plato's account of Socrates defense, the Apology, I was completely blown away by the power of Socrates words and ideas. The reading left me thinking about how I felt regarding what he had said about virtue, truth and the quest for both. In class, we discussed Socrates search for virtue and we touched on the topic of this paper: the reasons Socrates believed that "the unexamined life is not worth living for man". It is my opinion that he is correct in that view and in this paper I intend to show you why. Like many philosophers alive in his time, it was Socrates belief that virtue could only be attained through examination. Only through exploration can you really understand what virtue is, and begin to act virtuously. Understanding, as well as sharing, this information was very important goal to Socrates. The significance of examining and understanding our lives is far greater than one might think. Understanding and comprehending the behavior of friends, as well as of ourselves, enables us to have empathy and compassion for them. And, allows us not to stand in judgment, which, in turn, allows us to live the moral, noble lives that Socrates spoke of. Another belief of Socrates that supports his view is the idea that evil derives from ignorance and the failure to investigate or explore peoples actions. I believe this to be true, also. This idea also supports his beliefs on death. Socrates was not well liked because he explored his ignorance, and was eventually put to death because of it. Marie Curie once said, "Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood." That could sum up a great deal of Socrates position in the Apology: why he was not shaken by death, why he spoke of his relationship with the gods, and possibly even why he felt the unexamined life is not worth living.

Youth Justice Policy in Britain (1945-1981) †from Punishment to Welfare The WritePass Journal

Youth Justice Policy in Britain (1945-1981) – from Punishment to Welfare Introduction Youth Justice Policy in Britain (1945-1981) – from Punishment to Welfare    Community Care (2010) â€Å"Ministry of Justice to take control of Youth Justice Board†, 20th May, Thursday, Available at: communitycare.co.uk/Articles/20/05/2010/114543/ministry-of-justice-to-take-control-of-youth-justice-board.htm Retrieved 03.03.2012 Greenaway, J.R., Smith, S. Street, J. (1992) Deciding Factors in British Politics, London: Routledge   ch. 2   pp. 29-39, ch 3. Guardian (2011) â€Å"What next for youth policy†?, August, 25, Available at: guardian.co.uk/public-leaders-network/blog/2011/aug/25/tony-blair-youth-policy-intervention-reform Retrieved 03.03.2012 Politics UK (2011) â€Å"Comment: What is causing the riots in London?, Nick Cowen, Monday, 8th of August, Available at: politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2011/08/08/comment-what-is-causing-the-riots-in-london Retrieved 03.03.2012 Thorpe, D.H, Smith, D., Green, C.J, Paley, J.H (1980) Out of Care: The Community Support of Juvenile Offenders Allen and Unwin Youth Justice Board (2008) â€Å"A Brief History of the Youth Justice System†, Available at: http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/5193/YJ_k523_1/sco.htm Retrieved 03.03.2012

Personal Family Immigration Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Family Immigration Story - Essay Example My grandfather refutes these claims, saying that they were forced to leave due to the attack on their city and other cities. During this war, approximately 700,000 Arabs were forced out of their homes (Pappà © 76). At the time, my grandfather Juan had just fallen in love with a young, beautiful woman known as Tina. They had just had their first born child when the war broke out. Their home had become a battleground; the air was filled with smoke and dust. Dead bodies were strewn all over since there was no possible way of disposing them as their numbers grew significantly by the second. The villagers were filled with fear and uncertainty. No one was sure about what lay for them the next day. Businesses were destroyed making it difficult for the residents to earn their daily bread. Most people were dying of hunger, since everyone who had food had decided to hoard it due the uncertainty presented by the war. My grandfather’s textile business had been destroyed; his business premises had been burnt down and the Jews had frozen their accounts, making them economically stagnant. At this point of desolation, my grandfather made a wise decision to leave the war-torn Palestine in search of a better place to raise their infant son. The â€Å"Nakba† as is referred by my grandfather was the mass exodus of the Arabs from their Palestine homes. According to my grandfather, he moved his father, mother, two sisters and his family from the war-torn country. His brother had been killed in a blast, and they were not ready to lose another member of their family. They moved to the Dheisheh refugee camp in West Bank in 1949. This camp was like a prison; it was fenced and had a fence made of metal turnstile (Mattar 590). According to my grandfather, the Jews were afraid that the refugees would stone their cars; hence, the fence. The situation at the camp was not humane. People were dying on a daily

Salinity groundwater in eastern province saudi arabia Term Paper

Salinity groundwater in eastern province saudi arabia - Term Paper Example As such, the country suffers from the consequent desert effects, which include lack of enough clean water since there are no perennial rivers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia depends on surface water resources which include the annual rainfall of about 300mm that occurs between October and March in southeast Saudi Arabia (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009). Moreover, other parts in Saudi Arabia depend on groundwater especially in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Just like in any other part of the world, water quality is very fundamental for the development of civilization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Indeed water quality helps in establishing a database for planning future water resources development strategies in the country. Notably, the central and eastern region in Saudi Arabia depends on groundwater for domestic and industrial purposes. Geologists and other environmental experts confirmed that six major consolidated sedimentary old-age aquifers called the Arabian Shelf are the main sources of groundwater in Saudi Arabia (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009). Depending on the geochemistry of the underlying aquifer, the groundwater from the Arabian Shelf contains dissolved salts and other components that contaminate the available water in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Various factors define the quality and contamination levels of groundwater. Such factors include the irregular recharge in arid regions (Sharaf, 2012). Such variations occur in different times and in different places including the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Most assuredly, the chemical and physical components in the groundwater may be in significant levels that lead to adverse health and environmental effects. In the Arabian Shelf, such constituents are in excess of their permissible limits that promotes health hazards and environmental problems (Al-Zarah, 2007). This

E-Commerce Analysis: Online Ticket Purchasing

E-Commerce Analysis: Online Ticket Purchasing CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the background of the research study. It starts by providing an overview of Electronic Commerce, customer satisfaction and service quality, followed by an outline of the current situation concerning â€Å"Online Ticket Purchasing† in Kuwait. The problem of the study is then defined, highlighting the research the study seeks to investigate and its significance alongside the research objectives, questions and methodology used to achieve these desired objectives. The research limitations are then explored and the chapter concludes with an outline of the thesis structure. 1.2 OVERVIEW Unprecedented advances in Information Technology in recent decades, alongside evolving business environments have seen the emergence of Electronic Commerce (E-commerce) as a major economic force. With the increasing number of Internet users and rapid development of network technologies, e-commerce is perceived as an essential application of the computer and communication technologies (Manvi and Venkataram, 2005 cited by Zhang and Tang, 2006). As observed by Gunasekaran and Ngai (2005) e-commerce enhances communication channels and provides a virtual interactive environment where the suppliers and customers can exchange information and products. Moreover, it improves the communications between partners along the value chain and offers an integrated business model by which companies can be more responsive and flexible to the changing markets and customers requirements (Zhang and Tang, 2006). E- commerce therefore replaces or enhances the traditional market channels by opening web-based storefronts, which is known as â€Å"business to customer e-commerce†. Firms present their products and services on the web and generate revenue from the sales of those products and services to their customers (Molla and Licker, 2001). According to Khalifa and Liu (2003) there has been considerable growth of internet based services, both from internet businesses and from traditional companies developing online services. The technology of e-commerce identifies what can be offered to customers, but only customers determine which of those technologies will be accepted (Lin, 2003). As Jamal (2004) has argued, in the last forty years the issue of customer satisfaction has been one of the most important theoretical as well as practical issues for most marketers and customer research. Satisfaction is significant in the success or failure of any business depending on the performance of the perceived service, if the perceived performance is less than customer expectation the customer will be dissatisfied; whereas, if the perceived performance exceeds their expectations then customers will be satisfied. Many researchers agree satisfaction is an attitude or evaluation that is formed by the customer comparing their pre-purchase expectations of what they would receive from the product to their subjective perceptions of the performance they actually experience (Oliver, 1980). Numerous studies on service quality and customer satisfaction present service quality and customer satisfaction as conceptually distinct, but closely related constructs. Satisfaction is defined as the degree of discrepancy between customers normative expectations for the service and their perception of the service performance (Parasuraman et al., 1994; Dabholkar, 1996). Different researchers such as Gronroos (1983) and Parasuraman et al. (1985) have tried to identify features of service more related to quality assessments. The most common measure reveals ten dimensions of service quality: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, communication, credibility, security, competence, courtesy, understanding the customer and access. These were then filtered to 5 dimensions and based on these 5 items a measurement tool for service quality was devised known as SERVQUAL (PUT SOURCE HERE!!!). While Yang (2001) highlighted the rapid growth of online retailing with broadening experiences of consumers online shopping, Santos (2003) believes that e-service quality can increase attractiveness, hit rate, customer retention, stickiness and positive word of mouth. It can also maximize competitive advantages of e-commerce. Numerous researchers have the discussed the dimensions of e-service quality including Cox and Dale (2001), Madu and Madu (2002), Parasuraman (2002), Yang et al. (2003), Parasuraman et al. (2004) and Lee and Lin (2005), yet online retailers appear to fail due to poor quality services provided to their customers. For that reason online service quality is significant for two reasons: (1) it influences customers satisfactions and intentions to shop online and (2) e-service quality plays a major role in attracting potential customers (Cai and Jun, 2003). Zeithaml (2002) points out online companies should focus on all elements of e-service quality before, during and a fter the transaction, as e-service quality is the extent to which a website facilitates efficient and effective shopping, purchase and delivery. 1.2.1 E-Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is a critical element in the success or failure of any business. Web customer satisfaction has been emphasized as crucial by the rising demand for long-term profitability of dotcom companies and traditional companies that are â€Å"Net enhanced† (Pather, Erwin and Remenyi, 2002). An understanding of the factors that influence web customer satisfaction is vital for e-commerce. Satisfaction is a result of an effective evaluation, where some comparison standard is compared to the actually perceived performance. If the perceived performance is less than expected, customers will be dissatisfied. In contrast, if the perceived performance exceeds expectations, customer will be satisfied (Lin, 2003). A broad idea of traditional service quality might not be enough to build the e-service quality dimension, hence amending several variables is important. Santos (2003) discussed the e-service quality dimensions of, ease of use, web-appearance, linkage, structure and layout, content as the incubative dimensions; reliability, efficiency, support, communication, security, and incentive as active dimensions. This paper focuses on achieving a measurement of the service quality of the Jazeera Airways Website as perceived by their passengers, using a conceptual model of e-service quality developed by Santos (2003). 1.3 ONLINE TICKETING Electronic ticketing over the Internet facilitates the buying or reservation of tickets online, by making the process more easily accessible and convenient. Through these services tickets may be purchased from any location and at any time, provided an Internet connection exists. The tickets are ordered from a web site that provides both ticket information and the purchasing or reservation service. Internet booking or online ticketing concentrates on providing a helpful and efficient service to clients. Firms who sell travel tickets, performing arts, game tickets, concerts, movies and many other activities have notably embraced the online ticketing system according to Burford (1998). Convenience is a main advantage of buying tickets via the internet as the service is available at any geographical location, including ones home via laptop and cellular phone and at any time or day. Electronic ticket services have a further advantage by providing relevant information along with the service. This can help purchasing decisions and may encourage future usage (Burford, 1998). Another feature is that apart from maintenance and data updates, no manpower is necessary to offer the service once it has been established. The process of recording the transactions is more automated and overheads are reduced. An essential point is that ticket providers while providing a convenient service are thereby improving their public image and encouraging return customers (Burford, 1998). A number of countries across the globe are already benefiting from electronic ticketing including the U.S.A., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and France. In fact the U.S.A. it has 80% market p enetration, while in Europe it is approximately 40% and in the U.S.A. more than $350 million dollars in event tickets were sold online during 2000 increasing to $3.9 billion in 2004 (Bhatia, 2004). 1.3.1 Online Services and E-Ticketing in Kuwait The internet is a technology with many properties with the potential to transform the competitive landscape in many industries while at the same time creating completely new industries (Afuah and Tucci, 2003). The revolution of the internet continues to excel leading to rapid changes in many fields, at an overwhelming speed. In Kuwait, prior to 1990 internet usage was limited to electronic mail and minor services, however in 1992 a decision was made by the Ministry of Communication to facilitate the public data network. In the same year the National Science Foundation agreed to extend the Internet to Kuwait at a time when it was only available for US institutions and some selected institutions overseas. In recent years with the support of the Kuwaiti government for IT plans, practical steps have been taken in this field with the possibility of payment for mobiles and traffic tickets via the internet and the sale of online airlines tickets for the first time. These advances indicate the growth and development in the IT field in Kuwait as a whole. In 1943, the oil boom opened a new chapter in the modern history of Kuwait as The Kuwait Oil Company Limited (KOC) was founded. By 1947-1948 KOC developed the new Al-Nugra (Al-Mayass) Airport, located in the Nuzha district, operating in daylight only, with airlines opening offices in Kuwait City to handle ticketing and cargo operations for the Arab expatriate community. By 1954, the Kuwaiti National Airlines Company celebrated the arrival of the first airplane, which was called â€Å"Kazma† (http://www.da.gov.kw). The worldwide revolution of low-cost carriers (LCCs) started successfully with Pacific Southwest Airlinesin the United States, which pioneered the concept in 1949. Notable successes which have followed are Irelands Ryanair, which began low-fares operations in 1990, and EasyJet, formed in 1995. These low cost carriers then developed in Asia and Oceania from 2000 led by operators such as Malaysias AirAsia, Indias Air Deccanand Australias Virgin Blue. The low-cost carrier model is applicable worldwide, although deregulated markets are most suited for its rapid spread. In 2006, new LCCs were announced in Saudi Arabia and Mexico (http://www.absoluteastronomy.com). On September 12, 2005 Jazeera Airways owned by Marwan Boodai, Chairman and CEO, announced its first flights were open for booking. Jazeera Airways is the first privately owned airline in the Middle East, established in Kuwait. It offers passengers ticketless flights to Dubai, Lebanon, Damascus, Amman and Bahrain via the web, by phone, SMS or through travel agents (www.jazeeraairways.com). Breaking away from out-dated business models by developing a new model tasked with raising operational efficiency requires incorporating the latest revenue management procedures into the company and installing state-of-the-art technologies. This will ultimately enable travelers to become more independent in their bookings and payment. With tickets sold through a website as the main distribution channel, online booking is a very efficient distribution method for airlines. It reduces the number of back office staff and reduces the payment cycle. Jazeera Airways has worked hard to entice travelers to book through its website by making it the cheapest method to purchase tickets. Many promotional offers made by the company are available only to travelers who book online, therefore Jazeera Airways strategy is rewarding travelers who book online (www.jazerraairways.com) 1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION Understanding customers requirements is vital to any business enterprise in order for it to remain competitive. Customer satisfaction is of great interest since it has a direct effect on customer retention, loyalty and the prospect of new customers. Retention is a major challenge, as customers can easily switch from one service provider to another considering the internet can facilitate easy access to a wide variety of choices with lesser cost. Acquiring new customers may involve significant cost on the part of the company in terms of marketing, advertising and promotion. Hence it is important to understand the determinants of customer satisfaction and assess the current experience of the customer in order to improve services. Customer satisfaction is a major issue of Jazeera Airways and good online service quality is a key factor that will determine in the long term, whether it will succeed or fail in retaining existing customers and attracting new ones. Due to rapid technological advancements in the marketplace Jazeera Airways maintains a close relationship with their customers, as their expectations and perceptions of online service quality may change. This research will therefore be conducted on Jazeera Airways, the first low cost airline in Kuwait. Jazeera Airways offers online ticketing in its website as the main distribution channel. Therefore it is important to take into account the quality of its website and to pay more attention to customer evaluation of the service given. Customers want to make their own bookings in their own time without depending on middlemen; as a result it is necessary that online service quality determinants lead to satisfaction. Dissatisfied travelers may perceive one of the following: Web sites do not seem to have many of the very basic features that experts consider important in forming relationship with customers. Service providers undervalue the attributes that customers use to judge service quality that should be monitored and enhanced to help the service performance. There are other variables of the online service quality that affect the overall travelers satisfaction. Therefore this research aims to address such problematic issues by researching the relevant factors including current opinion of the airline users. 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES As this research study aims to examine the customer satisfaction of the service of Jazeera Airways in online ticketing through the quality delivered through its website, its main objectives are as follows: To assess the perception of each service of Jazeeras e-service Quality dimensions. To evaluate consumer satisfaction towards e-service quality for online service quality within Jazeera. To determine the important dimensions leading to satisfaction when purchasing online tickets within Jazeera. 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to fulfill the objectives of this study, the following questions need to be addressed: What key incubative dimensions do online customers perceive as important for their e-service quality? What key active dimensions do online customers perceive as important for their e-service quality? What are the most influential online service quality dimensions of the website as perceived by respondents with a high level of customers satisfaction in the Jazeera Airways website? What are the most influential online service quality dimensions of Jazeera Airways contributing to customer satisfaction when examining the Jazeera Airways website? Are the different socio-demographic variables involved perceiving e-service quality and satisfaction in the same way or differently? 1.7 Research Methodology This research is considered deductive, quantitative, descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory to some extent type of study. The research follows the survey strategy approach and consists of 67 questions composed of a two page questionnaire distributed to the target sample in Kuwait. Data was collected using Arabic and English questionnaires, from a sample size of X passengers who booked online through Jazeeras website. The questionnaire consists of four sections (A, B, C, D). Section A solicits demographic information. Section B evaluates Jazeeras Airways e-service quality using an adapted Santos (2003) model. Section C measures the level of customer satisfaction. Statements of Section B and C are scaled using a Likert type scale from 1 to 5. Section D collects information added by customers that will add value to the research. 1.8 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Throughout this research conducted in Kuwait regarding Jazeera Airways website service quality a number of limitations were noted as follows: The thesis investigates the customer satisfaction of Jazeeras Airways website service quality and does not include the companys perspective/point of view; therefore the study is limited in its scope to customers and not employees or managers. The study does not include product quality, price, situational factors, personal factors, and other services provided by Jazeera Airways. Using a quantitative approach only towards addressing the research problems, a qualitative approach is lacking. The research scope is limited as it assesses Jazeera online service â€Å"e-ticketing† excluding airport customer services such as check in, luggage, lounge and on board services. There is limited relevant literature concerning service quality in the airline industry in Kuwait and the region, therefore there are no previous findings or frameworks to consult. 1.9 THESIS STRUCTURE This study is composed of five main chapters. Chapter One presents the background details of the selected research area and the experience in Kuwait, followed by the problem definition, the research objectives and questions, the methodology, the studys limitations and the thesis structure. Chapter Two discusses related theories, concepts and models providing a comprehensive review and an insight into the subject area as a whole, followed by an explanation of the research to the country of Kuwait. Chapter Three describes the methodology, research design and techniques used in the collection and analysis of the data. Chapter Four presents the gathered data, their interpretation and analysis. Chapter Five looks at the findings, assessing whether they satisfy the research questions and objectives to draw conclusions from the results. Based on these conclusions, recommendations for management are provided with further suggestions for future research. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter a comprehensive review of available related literature is made concerning website service quality and customer satisfaction. In the process various concepts, models and theories covering customer satisfaction, determinants of customer satisfaction, the relationship between online service quality and satisfaction and online service quality dimensions are presented and explored to give the study a wide ranging theoretical basis. In addition the relevance of the research to the country of Kuwait is also addressed. 2.2 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION 2.2.1 Definition of Customer Satisfaction Oliver (1980) explains satisfaction as the summary of a psychological state resulting when the emotion surrounding disconfirmed expectations is coupled with a consumers prior feelings about the consumer experience. In other words, satisfaction is an attitude or appraisal that is created by the customer comparing their pre-purchase expectations of what they would receive from the product or service to their subjective perceptions of the performance they actually did receive. Customer satisfaction has become a key intermediary objective in service operations, because of the benefits it conveys to organizations (Ranaweera and Prabhu, 2003). The importance of customer satisfaction results from the generally accepted philosophy that for a business to be successful and profitable, it must satisfy customers (Shin and Elliott, 2001). While many authors have described satisfaction using various definitions, Table 2.1 presents a few notable explanations of customer satisfaction. Table 2.1 Definition of Customer Satisfaction Definition Author Customer satisfaction is a collective outcome of perception, evaluation and psychological reactions to the consumption experience with a product/service. Yi (1990) Satisfaction is function of consumers belief that he or she was treated fairly. Hunt (1991) Satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectation. Kotler et al. (2000) Source: Research based From the above table we understand that satisfaction is the consumers evaluation of the product and service that meet their needs and expectations. According to Parker and Mathews (2001) there are two main interpretations of satisfaction; satisfaction as a process and satisfaction as an outcome. Whereas Gustafsson (2005) argues satisfaction has a strong positive effect on customer loyalty intentions across a wide range of product and service categories. 2.2.2 Determinants of Customer Satisfaction Zeithaml et al. (2005) argued that satisfaction, as shown in 2.1, is influenced by service quality perception, product quality, and price as well as situational and personal factors. Economists differentiate between two categories of properties of consumer products; search qualities and experience qualities. With search qualities consumers determine before purchasing a product like color, style, price, fit, feel, hardness and smell. Experience qualities, are hard to determine; as a result it can be evaluated after the purchase and until the service is received like vacations and restaurant meals (Zeithaml et al., 2005). Keaveney (1995)ppp.jpg point out that a main reason leading to customers switching services is price, as customers, based on prior experience with the service provider, sometimes felt cheated and believed that price increases were unfair or even deceptive. According to (Zeithaml et al., 2005) comparing the price relative to value and state, research reveals that customers of services will make trade-offs among different service features such as price level versus quality. A number of customers, for example, view price as an important element for their satisfaction more than quality. Perceived service quality is only one factor of customer satisfaction (Zeithaml et al., 2005). Consequently to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction, most researchers suggest that a high level of service quality should be delivered by the service provider as service quality is normally considered an antecedent of customer satisfaction (Cronin et al. 2000). Zeithaml et al. (2005) described a consumers emotional state as a personal factor. Satisfaction will vary due to customers biographical characteristics such as age, gender, education, ethnicity and income (Gilbert and Veloutsou, 2006;Van Pham and Simpson, 2006). Customers take partial responsibility for outcomes and describe those negative feelings that influence how a consumer responds to services, causing a person to overreact negatively to the slightest problem (Zeithaml et al., 2005). Situational factors can notably influence purchase decisions such as social environment, physical environment of the purchase place, time influence and the previous states (Vysekalovà ¡, 2004; Nagyovà ¡, 2001). 2.3 The Evidence of Service (3Ps) Services are intangible; therefore customers are searching for evidence of service in every interaction they have with the organization. The three major factors of service experienced by customers are: people, process, and physical evidence. Together these elements are considered as an evidence of the service. Each evidence or subset is present in each service 2.2. Firms should essentially manage the service quality that will lead to satisfying their customers (Bitner, 1993). 2.4 SERVICE QUALITY Numerous researchers have defined service quality their own ways, including Bitner, Booms and Mohr (1994) who described service quality as the consumers overall impression of the relative inferiority / superiority of the organization and its services. Perceived service quality is only one component of customer satisfaction (Zeithaml et al., 2005). According to Parasuraman et al. (1994) service quality is defined as, the degree of discrepancy between customers normative expectations for the service and their perception of the service performance. Gronroos (1982) stated that total service quality is customers perception of difference between expected service and perceived service. Afterward in 1984, he then explained service quality of the service encounter as two different dimensions: one is technical or output quality and the other functional or process quality. Therefore, service quality has become a well-liked area of academic investigation, recognized as a major factor in differentiating service products and gaining competitive advantage (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Table 2.2 presents the concept of service quality from varied authors viewpoints who combined suggest we can understand that meeting the need and requirements and achieving customers expectations depends on delivering the best level of service quality. Notably with time, service quality takes place before and leads to overall customer satisfaction Table 2.2 Definition of Customer Satisfaction Definition Author Service quality as the subjective comparison that customers make between the quality of the service that they want to receive and what they actually get. Gefan (2002) Service quality can be defined as â€Å"the difference between customers expectations for service performance prior to the service encounter and their perceptions of the service received†. Asubonteng et al. (1996) Service quality is determined by the differences between customers expectations of services providers performance and their evaluation of the services they received. Parasuraman et al. (1985,1988) Source: Research based Gilbert and Veloutsou (2006) determined different approaches to measure customer satisfaction, varying between measuring expectations relative to perception or measuring the performance aspect only, without relating it to the desired level of service. Service quality has been found to be an important input to customers satisfaction (Caruana, 2002). 2.4.2 Dimensions of Service Quality Service quality has been the focus of increased study in recent years as many researchers have tried to reveal features of services that significantly relate to quality evaluation in traditional service environments. In 2001 Brady and Cronin presented a model consisting of interaction quality, physical environment quality, and outcome quality. These dimensions draw on, among others, the work of Gronroos (1982) and Rust and Oliver (1994) who suggest that exploring both what is delivered (Gronroos technical quality) and how it is delivered (Gronroos functional quality) are important aspects of service quality. Table 2.3 Dimensions of Service Quality Quality Requirement Description Reliability Reliability Consistency of service/ dependability, i.e. the ability to provide the service on time, accurately and dependably Responsiveness Responsiveness Willingness/readiness of employees, i.e. the ability to deal effectively with complaints and promptness of services Assurance Credibility The extent to which the service is believed and trusted; involves honesty, trustworthiness and believability Courtesy The politeness, respect, consideration and friendliness shown to the customers by the contact personnel Security The freedom from danger, risk and doubt Competence The possession of staff of the necessary skill, knowledge and information to perform the service effectively Empathy Access The ease of approachability and contact Communication Listening to customer and keeping them informed about the service Understanding the customer Trying to understand the customers needs and specific requirements Tangibles Tangibles Appearance of personnel and condition of equipment Source: Parasuraman et al. (1985); Ghobadian et al. (1994); Curry and Herbert (1998) A most widely used and accepted study done on service quality is by Parasuraman et al. (1985). Having developed ten dimensions through focus group studies: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, communication, credibility, security, competence, courtesy, understanding the customer, and access. These ten dimensions were then filtered and extracted to five: tangibles, reliability, responsibility, assurance, and empathy, which constitute the basis of a global measurement for service quality, SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1988). Based on these five dimensions researchers presented a 22-item service quality scale and on an operational level service quality research has been dominated by the SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1985; Curry and Herbert, 1998). Table 2.3 presents a description of the service quality dimensions. 2.4.3 Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Service Quality Service quality has been found to be an important input to customer satisfaction (Caruana and Malta, 2002). Cronin and Taylor (1992) examined the causal relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction, and purchase intention. The results suggested that service quality was an antecedent of consumer satisfaction, service quality had less effect on purchase intentions than did consumer satisfaction, and consumer satisfaction had a significant effect on purchase intentions. Customer satisfaction had a stronger effect on behavioral intentions than service quality did (Dabholkar et al., 2000). As a process in time, service quality takes place before, and leads to overall customer satisfaction. Customers loyalty was affected by product quality, service quality, and retailer image. They also suggested that quality of product and service is directly related to customer satisfaction, and then leads to the loyalty of the customer (Cà ¶ner and Gà ¼ngà ¶r, 2002). Based on empirica l findings in service quality and satisfaction literature, service quality is one of the antecedents of satisfaction (Anderson and Sullivan, 1993; Cronin and Taylor, 1992), and loyalty is one of the consequences of satisfaction. Luarn and Lin (2004) indicated that not only customer satisfaction and perceived value directly affected customer loyalty, but also indirectly affected customer loyalty through commitment. 2.5 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SERVING CUSTOMERS According to Parasuraman (2000), delivering excellent customer service is vital in case customers have to serve themselves by technology-based systems. With quick penetration of technology-based customer-company interfaces such as online banking and e-commerce, employee-delivered service is being replaced by self-service, reducing the need for face-to-face encounters between customers and company personnel. However, this fundamental shift does not mean that companies can afford to ignore customer service. Development of self-service technologies need to emphasize customer service to ensure the customer-technology interface is user-friendly, putting in place an excellent customer-service infrastructure (including properly tr

Teaching Vocabulary to Young English Learners

A crucial component of learning a foreign language is the acquisition of vocabulary. For young learners, the very first words that they acquire could lay the profound basis for a better later learning of the children. This study is intended to investigate the specific application of techniques in teaching English vocabulary to young learners. I strived to investigate the current techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners and studied the difficulties that teachers encounter during this process. Oral interviews, questionnaire and observation schemes were used as useful instruments for data collection. The questionnaire-based survey aims to scrutinize teachers’ common techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners, general difficulties that they meet in teaching. Oral interviews and observations serve to elaborate on the information gathered from questionnaires and discover teachers’ opinions on how to solve arisen problem in language classroom, especially during vocabulary section. The result of this survey indicates that using flashcards in presenting, sorting tasks in practicing and sentence completion in revising vocabulary are three most preferably common techniques in teaching young learners the English vocabulary. The exploitation of combining different techniques is considered rather limited; in conclusion,, this study provides some suggestions for teachers to realize the benefits of having available activities and games in young learners’ classroom. 1. Introduction I chose this topic for my research study because I consider that for young learners, vocabulary and grammar are two essential units that require them to master at early stage. It was once claimed that â€Å"experienced teachers of English as a Second Language know very well how important vocabulary is. They know their students must learn thousands of words that speakers and writers of English use. † (Allen, 1983). The well-known linguist Wilkins, one of the leaders in language learning and teaching, indicated that â€Å"without grammar, very little could be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed† Teaching vocabulary is considered to be an add- on to teaching grammar or simply a by-product of language teaching and communicative functions. The reasons are: firstly, too many words in one sentence are believed to break its grammar structure and spoil children in learning systematic grammar; secondly, it is thought that vocabulary can be learned through experience only and therefore, there is little need for the teachers to focus much on teaching their students vocabulary; and thirdly, they put the emphasis of teaching grammar on priority to vocabulary are already taken too much of any lesson in the classroom. The basic concept of how important teaching vocabulary in class is, was not recognized until late 1970s and 1980s when people realized the necessity of vocabulary in reading comprehension (Allen: p. 5) Learning a new language with native speakers can provoke learners’ motivation and boost their confidence in quickly obtaining language step by step, native teachers, in many circumstances have to face the obstacle of slow or misbehaved students, particularly in vocabulary section. This study therefore was conducted, aiming at reviewing common techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners. . An overview of Vocabulary 2. 1. 1. Definition In order to find the best and most easy-to-understand definition of the vocabulary, is such an unfeasible task. Each linguist or scholar, in his specialized field, with his own set of criteria has found out for his own a way to define vocabulary. However, in the most popular way, Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary has applied a meaning for vocabulary as â€Å"all the words which exist in a particular language or subject. † In the context of learning English as a Foreign Language, the vital role of vocabulary is inevitable. This has been claimed by many linguists and experts in the field. Wilkins (cited in Thornbury, 2002) clearly stated that â€Å"without grammar, very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed† (page 13). Coincidentally, H. Dellar and D. Hocking indicated that progress made from learning grammar most of the time would be much less than that from learning vocabulary. To be short and concise, when comparing the importance of grammar and vocabulary, both mentioned statement above show that most of learner’s improvement was created when the learner himself learned more words and expressions. It was also emphasized when it came to communicate that â€Å"you can say very little with grammar, but you can say almost anything with words† (Thornbury , p. 13). 2. 2. Young learners 2. 2. 1. Definition The term â€Å"young learners†, according to the author of the book An A-Z of ELT, Thornbury , â€Å"is used to describe children of pre-primary and primary school age, although it is sometimes used to include adolescents as well† (p. 250). In the same way, â€Å"young learners† as defined by Sarah Phillips (1993) are â€Å"children of formal schooling (five or six years old) to eleven or twelve years of age. † (p. 4). Teaching English to young learners, therefore, has a long history: in many multilingual countries, primary school children are taught English as preparation for secondary school, where it is the medium of instruction. In recent years, there has been a phenomenal increase in the teaching of English to young learners, in EFL context as well as in ESL, and in state school as well as in private ones (Thornbury, p. 251). 2. 2. 2. Characteristics of young learners Vocabulary knowledge is a major building block in children's early literacy development. It provides the foundation for learning to decode and comprehend text. Many children, especially English language learners, need support in acquiring the substantial vocabulary they need to become good readers. Reading books to children is one way to introduce them to a wide range of vocabulary that they may not hear in their everyday conversations with adults and peers. Young learners need to be able to transfer their understanding of words to new contexts, so that when they see or hear those words in other places they understand what they mean. Talking about words from book to book is one way of showing children how words are used in other contexts. Another way to help them see how words are used in other contexts is asking them to think about how the words apply to their own knowledge and experiences. In explaining the word freight, for example, a teacher might say, â€Å"Have you ever seen a train on the tracks? Did you notice the cars of the train? Inside of those train cars, there are lots of things that are being taken from one place to another. The stuff that is being brought from one place to another is called freight. What are some things that you think could be freight on a train? † 2. 3. Vocabulary teaching . 3. 1. Stages in teaching Vocabulary Basically as proposed by Gower (2005) and Thornbury (2002) there are three stages in teaching vocabulary namely presenting, practicing and revising. In this research, I am going to list each stage with its typical features to have a better review for further techniques followed that. 2. 3. 1. 1. Presenting The title of this very first stage has indicated clearly its funct ion in introducing new lexical items to learners. As suggested by Thornbury, learners need to learn both the meaning and the form of a new word. Therefore, as he claimed, it’s worth pointing out that both these aspects of a word should be presented in â€Å"close conjunction in order to ensure a tight meaning-and-form fit† (p. 75). If the co-writers of Teaching Practice (p. 146) immediately referred to the effectiveness of using visual aids in presenting new words, Thornbury specifically emphasized the importance of cutting down â€Å"the gap between the presentation of a word’s form and its meaning† so that learners could possibly be at ease to make a â€Å"mental connection between the two†. He also stressed some major factors, subject to which the number of words should be presented. . 3. 1. 2. Practicing Suggested by Gower, students often need a little time for the new lexical items to â€Å"sink in† (p. 148). He pointed out that learners may recognize new item but often delay putting it into active use. In this case, is of pure necessity the use of planned activities for recyclin g and reactivate the new vocabulary. This kind of practice, as implied by Thornbury (2002) underlines the popular belief that â€Å"practice makes perfect† (p. 93). He additionally emphasized the action of moving words from short-term memory into permanent memory. He emphasized that â€Å"new knowledge – i. e. new words – needs o be integrated into existing knowledge – i. e. learner’s existing network of word associations, or what is called the mental lexicon. † (p. 93). Words or lexical items need to be put to work, or into practice as it is often understood in many other contexts, in order to ensure the long-term retention and recall. Vocabulary needs to be placed in â€Å"working memory† and subjected to different operations which would be mentioned intricately in the later part of techniques in practicing vocabulary. 2. 3. 1. 3. Consolidating and Revising Checking students’ comprehension and revising those words are a final important stage in teaching this specific field. In this stage, students are advised to complete high-level tasks namely production tasks. The author of many famous books for English language teachers grouped decision-making tasks into the second stage when learners needed to decide and make their choice in facing up with already learnt items. 2. 4. Techniques in teaching vocabulary There are three main parts or namely stages in teaching vocabulary, as they are mentioned above. . 4. 1. 1. Techniques in presenting vocabulary Proposed by Doff (1988, cited in ELT Methodology II, 2009) and Thornbury (2002) and Nation (1994) a variety of techniques can be used or combined in introducing vocabulary. 2. 4. 1. 2. Techniques in practicing vocabulary Identifying tasks, involving tasks of finding words in texts. â€Å"Listen then tick the words you hear† can be one obvious example of this type. Identification is the first step in recognizing words and requires learners do easy task as counting, ticking or a bit difficult is to unscramble words as in anagram. Selecting tasks are â€Å"cognitively more complex than identification tasks†. For selecting tasks, learners will have to do recognizing words and making choices amongst them at the same time. Finding and odd one out is a common task that teachers may often use in class for checking comprehension. Learners are also requested to do matching tasks, apart from recognizing and making choice amongst words. In this kind of task, learners may need to pair a set of given words to a â€Å"visual representation, for example, or to a translation, a synonym/antonym, a definition or a collocate. (p. 97) Learners are being asked to do sorting tasks, by grouping words into different categories. It should be noted that the categories can be given in advance or learners have to guess what the categories are. 2. 4. 1. 3. Games Games are one indispensable advice for many teachers not only in English teaching but also in the field of language teaching. Instead of listing common word games, I wil l discuss the function and effectiveness of using games in teaching vocabulary as a major topic. Drawn upon the characteristics of young learner, one typical characteristic of them is moving around almost all of the times and cannot be sitting quietly for more than five minutes. Yet they can be often keen on word games with a variety of options and movements. Especially in the context of teaching English to Romanian learners who are often labeled as inactive and afraid of risk-taking learning, games are said to be an extrinsic motivation for them to participate actively in the lesson. Games bring in relaxation and fun for students, thus help them learn and retain new words more easily. Secondly, games usually involve friendly competition and they keep learners interested. These create the motivation for learners of English to get involved and participate actively in learning activities. Thirdly, vocabulary games bring real world context into the classroom, and enhance learners’ use of English in a flexible, communicative way. Advantages of using games in learning vocabulary were indicated by showing that games not only helped and encouraged learners to sustain their interest but also gave teachers a helping hand in creating contexts. This is particularly true when learners need useful and meaningful contexts to better their understanding of new words or in general, lexical items. 2. 5. Difficulties in teaching vocabulary This study, concerning the issue of constraints encountered by teachers, deliberately focuses on finding external factors, that is to say factors related to teachers themselves are spared for a larger scale research. In this case, difficulties in teaching vocabulary are said to often arise from the nature of vocabulary itself. The very first difficulty recognized in teaching words is the matter of whether to teach form first hen meaning or meaning first then form later. Another matter deterred by many researchers is about the mistakes that learners often make when learning vocabulary. External factors can be seen from the different levels of learners in one class; class size can grow to unexpectedly big; learners keep using their first language and more importantly students appear to be uncooperative. Those factors once happen in class can negatively hinder the efficiency of both presenting and practicing new words; additionally badly affect teacher’s plan and demotivate many activities performed by him/her (Harmer: p. 27). 2. 5. 1 Proposed activities and games in order to make a lesson vivid 2. 5. 1. 1 Proposed activities: Bingo: is useful for checking students’ comprehension and pronunciation of the old vocabulary. Teacher gets the class to brainstorm a list of ten or fifteen new words and puts them on the board. Students choose any five and copy them into a piece of paper. Teacher reads out the words. Each time having one word that teacher reads, students put a tick or cross that word. The one to have five ticks or crosses shouts â€Å"Bingo† and the game can continue. Word associations: Teacher writes a topic in the middle of the board and gets students to think about words that associate with it. In case students cannot think of as many words as expected, teacher can ask question to provoke answers that may enlighten students’ ideas. Half a crossword: this activity is to get students to use sentence for asking the meaning of a word. Students work in pair, each receives half a crossword. One student, in order to get the answers for the missing half has to ask the other either to act or give a definition of the word. Pictionary: Teacher can utilize it as a fun activity in class. Class can be divided into two big groups. Each time, one person in the group, after receiving one word/phrase from the teacher has to turn to his/her group to draw so as to get the group guess correctly the word. Members take turns to draw and the activity can be played twice but should be not too long. 2. 5. 1. 2 Proposed games: Board sentence making: the rule is quite easy to follow and it is specially created to increase team work as well as the acquisition of words. The class is divided into two teams; each team is given six to seven small white boards. Teacher writes a word on the big board, each team has to make a sentence using the given word. Each word of the sentence must lie in each small board that the team is provided. Categories: Young learners work in pairs or small groups. On a piece of paper, they draw up a number of columns, according to a model on the board, each column labeled with the name of a lexical set: e. g. fruit, animals, transport, clothes. The teacher calls out a letter, B for example, students write down as many words as they can beginning with that letter in the separate columns (banana, bus, blouses, bat, †¦). The group with the most correct words wins. Drawing/ miming or explaining: this is a game played with the dice. Each time, representative from one of the two teams in the class has to throw the dice to know whether they have to draw (if throw 1-2), mime (3- 4) or explain (5-6) the word that teacher gives them. It can create a fun learning environment when students really don’t want to explain but they throw 5 instead. Hammer: the aim of the game is to get students quickly operate words that they have learnt in class. Students stand in a circle, teacher stands in the middle of the circle, holding the paper hammer. Teacher can give a topic himself or ask students to choose one topic in which every one in the class has to take turn call out a word belonging to given topic. Anyone who cannot give one word will be hit on the head with the hammer. The last person to stay is the winner. Pronunciation race: In this game, class is divided into small groups. Each group sends a representative to the board. The teacher gives the rest of the group a small grid of words which they use to pronounce to the member at the board. Once hearing the word, that member has to write down the word he/she gets. The team with most of the correct words wins. Spelling race: Class is divided into two teams. For each time teacher writes a scrambled word on board and two representatives from each team have to race to the board and write the correct spelling of the word. Each correct word wins the team a point. The team with the most points wins. Stop the bus: In the same way as Categories, students write labeled column. When teacher calls out a letter, C for example, students have to find one word which starts with letter C and belongs to provided category. The first group to find all words shouts â€Å"Stop the bus†. The other teams have to stop. Teacher checks accuracy and spelling. Word Bang: This game can be used best to check students’ understanding of old vocabulary in class. The class stands in a circle and teacher stands in the middle holding a set of flashcards (make sure that students know all the cards in advance). Each time, two students compete each other to shout out loud the name of the card that teacher shows in front of them. The quicker is the winner. The game continues until there is only one student left, who is also the winner of the game. Word snap: It has the aim to get as many pairs of words as possible. Divide class to work in pairs or small groups. Each pair/group receives a set of words and pictures which correspond to the words. Each time one student face up two cards, if they match he will take them, if they don’t, he has to put them face back down. Turn goes to the next person. The one who gets the most pairs win. 3. Conclusion As the title of the paper suggests, this study has its focal point in investigating the current implementation of techniques used in teaching vocabulary to young learners, accompanied by difficulties and solutions. As a conclusion, common techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners can be divided into three groups. For presenting new words, using flashcards and miming are preferred by most of teachers. In getting students to practice the words they have learnt, grouping words into certain categories preferably outnumbers the other techniques. For the final stage in teaching vocabulary – revising, most of the teachers say that they have been familiarized with sentence and text completion rather than that of creation. Finally, this research proposes some compiled games and activities that might be helpful for teachers’ repertoire. 4. Summary: Scopul acestui studiu este acela de a sublinia importanta invatarii vocabularului, de catre tineri, inca din faza incipienta. Am incercat sa prezint cateva idei, despre ceea ce inseamna predarea vocabularului si implementarea tehnicilor folosite in predare, alaturi de dificultatile intampinate cat si solutii pentru reusita. Definirea vocabularului poate fi inteleasa prin, totalitatea cuvintelor ce alcatuiesc o limba. Prin elev tanar ne referim la acea categorie de copii cuprinsa intre 5-12 ani. Ca si concluzie, cele mai folosite tehnici in predarea vocabularului tinerilor elevi pot fi impartite in trei grupe(prezentare, exersare si recapitulare). In prezentarea noilor termeni( cuvinte), folosirea cartonaselor ilustrate si mima este cel mai des intalnit procedeu. In a-i face pe elevi sa exerseze cuvinte invatate, gruparea cuvintelor pe anumite categorii este cea mai de succes metoda folosita.. In ceea ce priveste etapa finala in predarea vocabularului –recapitularea, majoritatea profesorilor spun ca au fost obisnuiti cu finalizarea propozitiilor si a textelor, decat cea a crearii. Spre finalul lucrarii am incercat sa descriu cateva jocuri si activitati care ar putea fi de folos in alcatuirea portofoliului unui profesor.